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1 assure
assure [ə'ʃʊə(r)]∎ to assure sb of the truth of sth assurer qn de la vérité de qch;∎ to assure sb of a fact assurer ou affirmer un fait à qn;∎ he assures me that it is true il me certifie que c'est vrai;∎ he assured me he was coming il m'a assuré qu'il viendrait;∎ he will do it, I (can) assure you! il le fera, je vous assure!;∎ she assured herself (of) a good pension elle s'est assuré une bonne retraite(b) (ensure → peace, someone's happiness) assurer -
2 positive
positive ['pɒzɪtɪv]∎ are you positive about that? en êtes-vous sûr?;∎ are you absolutely sure? - yes, positive en êtes-vous absolument sûr? - sûr et certain;∎ I'm positive (that) he wasn't there je suis absolument sûr qu'il n'y était pas;∎ it's absolutely positive c'est sûr et certain(b) (constructive) positif, constructif;∎ it's one of my few positive achievements c'est une des rares choses positives ou constructives que j'aie faites;∎ haven't you got any positive suggestions? n'avez-vous rien à proposer qui fasse avancer les choses?;∎ she has a very positive approach to the problem son approche du problème est très positive ou constructive∎ there was a tremendously positive response to this idea cette idée a été extrêmement bien accueillie ou reçue(d) (definite → fact, progress) réel, certain; (clear → change, advantage) réel, effectif; (precise → instructions) formel, clair;∎ we have positive evidence of his involvement nous avons des preuves irréfutables de son implication;∎ his intervention was a positive factor in the release of the hostages son intervention a efficacement contribué à la libération des otages;∎ the team needs some positive support l'équipe a besoin d'un soutien réel ou effectif;∎ positive proof, British proof positive preuve f formelle(e) (as intensifier → absolute) absolu, véritable, pur;∎ the whole thing was a positive nightmare tout cela était un véritable cauchemar;∎ a positive delight un pur délice;∎ a positive pleasure un véritable plaisir;∎ it's a positive lie c'est un mensonge, ni plus ni moins∎ she answered in a very positive tone elle a répondu d'un ton très assuré ou très ferme∎ positive degree (of adjective, adverb) degré m positif2 noun∎ in the positive à la forme positive∎ to reply in the positive répondre par l'affirmative ou affirmativement(c) Photography épreuve f positive(d) Electricity borne f positive►► positive discrimination (UNCOUNT) discrimination f positive (mesures favorisant les membres de groupes minoritaires);∎ positive discrimination in favour of people with disabilities mesures fpl en faveur des handicapés;positive feedback (in electronic circuit) réaction f positive; (in mechanical or cybernetic system) feed-back m inv positif, rétroaction f positive;∎ figurative I didn't get much positive feedback on my suggestion ma proposition n'a pas enthousiasmé grand monde;American positive ID papiers mpl d'identité (avec photo);Finance positive prescription prescription f acquisitive;Photography positive print positif m, épreuve f positive;positive proof preuve f formelle;Psychology positive reinforcement renforcement m positif;positive thinking idées fpl constructives;positive vetting contrôle m ou enquête f de sécurité (sur un candidat à un poste touchant à la sécurité nationale) -
3 tell
I [tel] гл.; прош. вр., прич. прош. вр. told1)а) говоритьto tell goodbye — амер. прощаться
He could think one thing, and tell another. — Он мог думать одно, а говорить другое.
Syn:say 1.б) рассказыватьto tell a lie / falsehood — говорить неправду
to tell smb. about smth. — рассказать кому-л. о чём-л.
to tell the tale of smth. — рассказать историю о чём-л.
this fact tells its own tale / story — этот факт говорит сам за себя
Syn:2)а) сообщать, выдавать ( тайну), выбалтывать; вербализовать, выражать словами; говорить вслухShe never told her love. — Она никогда не говорила вслух о своей любви.
б) (tell on / of) разг. ябедничать; доносить на (кого-л.)They got on well despite the fact that they always told on each other. — Они хорошо ладили, несмотря на то, что постоянно доносили друг на друга.
Syn:divulge, reveal3)а) делать сообщение, докладывать (о чём-л.)Syn:б) указывать, показывать, свидетельствовать; уверять, заверятьThey did not do it, I tell you. — Они не делали этого, уверяю вас.
Syn:в) ( tell against) свидетельствовать против (кого-л. / чего-л.)4) приказывать; настоятельно просить (о чём-л.)They told us to wait. — Они приказали нам ждать.
Syn:5)а) = tell from отличать, различать, быть способным видеть разницу между (чем-л. и чем-л.)So you think you can tell heaven from hell. (Pink Floyd, "Wish you were here") — Так ты думаешь, что можешь отличить небеса от преисподней.
б) выделятьсяв) осознавать, понимать, постигатьYou can tell it's a masterpiece. — Вы же понимаете, что это шедевр.
Syn:6) считать; подсчитывать; пересчитыватьto tell one's prayers — читать молитвы, перебирая чётки
Syn:7) служить образцом, свидетельством, примером8) ( tell on) отзываться, сказываться на (ком-л. / чём-л.)•- tell off••don't / never tell me — не рассказывайте сказок
to tell smb. where to get off — амер. поставить кого-л. на место, осадить кого-л.; дать нагоняй кому-л.
to tell the world — разг. категорически утверждать
do tell! — амер. вот те на!, не может быть!
I'll tell you what — разг. знаете, что
you never can tell — всякое бывает; почем знать?
II [tel] сущ.; араб.you're telling me! — кому вы рассказываете?, я сам знаю!
курган, искусственный холмSyn: -
4 Introduction
Portugal is a small Western European nation with a large, distinctive past replete with both triumph and tragedy. One of the continent's oldest nation-states, Portugal has frontiers that are essentially unchanged since the late 14th century. The country's unique character and 850-year history as an independent state present several curious paradoxes. As of 1974, when much of the remainder of the Portuguese overseas empire was decolonized, Portuguese society appeared to be the most ethnically homogeneous of the two Iberian states and of much of Europe. Yet, Portuguese society had received, over the course of 2,000 years, infusions of other ethnic groups in invasions and immigration: Phoenicians, Greeks, Celts, Romans, Suevi, Visigoths, Muslims (Arab and Berber), Jews, Italians, Flemings, Burgundian French, black Africans, and Asians. Indeed, Portugal has been a crossroads, despite its relative isolation in the western corner of the Iberian Peninsula, between the West and North Africa, Tropical Africa, and Asia and America. Since 1974, Portugal's society has become less homogeneous, as there has been significant immigration of former subjects from its erstwhile overseas empire.Other paradoxes should be noted as well. Although Portugal is sometimes confused with Spain or things Spanish, its very national independence and national culture depend on being different from Spain and Spaniards. Today, Portugal's independence may be taken for granted. Since 1140, except for 1580-1640 when it was ruled by Philippine Spain, Portugal has been a sovereign state. Nevertheless, a recurring theme of the nation's history is cycles of anxiety and despair that its freedom as a nation is at risk. There is a paradox, too, about Portugal's overseas empire(s), which lasted half a millennium (1415-1975): after 1822, when Brazil achieved independence from Portugal, most of the Portuguese who emigrated overseas never set foot in their overseas empire, but preferred to immigrate to Brazil or to other countries in North or South America or Europe, where established Portuguese overseas communities existed.Portugal was a world power during the period 1415-1550, the era of the Discoveries, expansion, and early empire, and since then the Portuguese have experienced periods of decline, decadence, and rejuvenation. Despite the fact that Portugal slipped to the rank of a third- or fourth-rate power after 1580, it and its people can claim rightfully an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions that assure their place both in world and Western history. These distinctions should be kept in mind while acknowledging that, for more than 400 years, Portugal has generally lagged behind the rest of Western Europe, although not Southern Europe, in social and economic developments and has remained behind even its only neighbor and sometime nemesis, Spain.Portugal's pioneering role in the Discoveries and exploration era of the 15th and 16th centuries is well known. Often noted, too, is the Portuguese role in the art and science of maritime navigation through the efforts of early navigators, mapmakers, seamen, and fishermen. What are often forgotten are the country's slender base of resources, its small population largely of rural peasants, and, until recently, its occupation of only 16 percent of the Iberian Peninsula. As of 1139—10, when Portugal emerged first as an independent monarchy, and eventually a sovereign nation-state, England and France had not achieved this status. The Portuguese were the first in the Iberian Peninsula to expel the Muslim invaders from their portion of the peninsula, achieving this by 1250, more than 200 years before Castile managed to do the same (1492).Other distinctions may be noted. Portugal conquered the first overseas empire beyond the Mediterranean in the early modern era and established the first plantation system based on slave labor. Portugal's empire was the first to be colonized and the last to be decolonized in the 20th century. With so much of its scattered, seaborne empire dependent upon the safety and seaworthiness of shipping, Portugal was a pioneer in initiating marine insurance, a practice that is taken for granted today. During the time of Pombaline Portugal (1750-77), Portugal was the first state to organize and hold an industrial trade fair. In distinctive political and governmental developments, Portugal's record is more mixed, and this fact suggests that maintaining a government with a functioning rule of law and a pluralist, representative democracy has not been an easy matter in a country that for so long has been one of the poorest and least educated in the West. Portugal's First Republic (1910-26), only the third republic in a largely monarchist Europe (after France and Switzerland), was Western Europe's most unstable parliamentary system in the 20th century. Finally, the authoritarian Estado Novo or "New State" (1926-74) was the longest surviving authoritarian system in modern Western Europe. When Portugal departed from its overseas empire in 1974-75, the descendants, in effect, of Prince Henry the Navigator were leaving the West's oldest empire.Portugal's individuality is based mainly on its long history of distinc-tiveness, its intense determination to use any means — alliance, diplomacy, defense, trade, or empire—to be a sovereign state, independent of Spain, and on its national pride in the Portuguese language. Another master factor in Portuguese affairs deserves mention. The country's politics and government have been influenced not only by intellectual currents from the Atlantic but also through Spain from Europe, which brought new political ideas and institutions and novel technologies. Given the weight of empire in Portugal's past, it is not surprising that public affairs have been hostage to a degree to what happened in her overseas empire. Most important have been domestic responses to imperial affairs during both imperial and internal crises since 1415, which have continued to the mid-1970s and beyond. One of the most important themes of Portuguese history, and one oddly neglected by not a few histories, is that every major political crisis and fundamental change in the system—in other words, revolution—since 1415 has been intimately connected with a related imperial crisis. The respective dates of these historical crises are: 1437, 1495, 1578-80, 1640, 1820-22, 1890, 1910, 1926-30, 1961, and 1974. The reader will find greater detail on each crisis in historical context in the history section of this introduction and in relevant entries.LAND AND PEOPLEThe Republic of Portugal is located on the western edge of the Iberian Peninsula. A major geographical dividing line is the Tagus River: Portugal north of it has an Atlantic orientation; the country to the south of it has a Mediterranean orientation. There is little physical evidence that Portugal is clearly geographically distinct from Spain, and there is no major natural barrier between the two countries along more than 1,214 kilometers (755 miles) of the Luso-Spanish frontier. In climate, Portugal has a number of microclimates similar to the microclimates of Galicia, Estremadura, and Andalusia in neighboring Spain. North of the Tagus, in general, there is an Atlantic-type climate with higher rainfall, cold winters, and some snow in the mountainous areas. South of the Tagus is a more Mediterranean climate, with hot, dry, often rainless summers and cool, wet winters. Lisbon, the capital, which has a fifth of the country's population living in its region, has an average annual mean temperature about 16° C (60° F).For a small country with an area of 92,345 square kilometers (35,580 square miles, including the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and the Madeiras), which is about the size of the state of Indiana in the United States, Portugal has a remarkable diversity of regional topography and scenery. In some respects, Portugal resembles an island within the peninsula, embodying a unique fusion of European and non-European cultures, akin to Spain yet apart. Its geography is a study in contrasts, from the flat, sandy coastal plain, in some places unusually wide for Europe, to the mountainous Beira districts or provinces north of the Tagus, to the snow-capped mountain range of the Estrela, with its unique ski area, to the rocky, barren, remote Trás-os-Montes district bordering Spain. There are extensive forests in central and northern Portugal that contrast with the flat, almost Kansas-like plains of the wheat belt in the Alentejo district. There is also the unique Algarve district, isolated somewhat from the Alentejo district by a mountain range, with a microclimate, topography, and vegetation that resemble closely those of North Africa.Although Portugal is small, just 563 kilometers (337 miles) long and from 129 to 209 kilometers (80 to 125 miles) wide, it is strategically located on transportation and communication routes between Europe and North Africa, and the Americas and Europe. Geographical location is one key to the long history of Portugal's three overseas empires, which stretched once from Morocco to the Moluccas and from lonely Sagres at Cape St. Vincent to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It is essential to emphasize the identity of its neighbors: on the north and east Portugal is bounded by Spain, its only neighbor, and by the Atlantic Ocean on the south and west. Portugal is the westernmost country of Western Europe, and its shape resembles a face, with Lisbon below the nose, staring into theAtlantic. No part of Portugal touches the Mediterranean, and its Atlantic orientation has been a response in part to turning its back on Castile and Léon (later Spain) and exploring, traveling, and trading or working in lands beyond the peninsula. Portugal was the pioneering nation in the Atlantic-born European discoveries during the Renaissance, and its diplomatic and trade relations have been dominated by countries that have been Atlantic powers as well: Spain; England (Britain since 1707); France; Brazil, once its greatest colony; and the United States.Today Portugal and its Atlantic islands have a population of roughly 10 million people. While ethnic homogeneity has been characteristic of it in recent history, Portugal's population over the centuries has seen an infusion of non-Portuguese ethnic groups from various parts of Europe, the Middle East, and Africa. Between 1500 and 1800, a significant population of black Africans, brought in as slaves, was absorbed in the population. And since 1950, a population of Cape Verdeans, who worked in menial labor, has resided in Portugal. With the influx of African, Goan, and Timorese refugees and exiles from the empire—as many as three quarters of a million retornados ("returned ones" or immigrants from the former empire) entered Portugal in 1974 and 1975—there has been greater ethnic diversity in the Portuguese population. In 2002, there were 239,113 immigrants legally residing in Portugal: 108,132 from Africa; 24,806 from Brazil; 15,906 from Britain; 14,617 from Spain; and 11,877 from Germany. In addition, about 200,000 immigrants are living in Portugal from eastern Europe, mainly from Ukraine. The growth of Portugal's population is reflected in the following statistics:1527 1,200,000 (estimate only)1768 2,400,000 (estimate only)1864 4,287,000 first census1890 5,049,7001900 5,423,0001911 5,960,0001930 6,826,0001940 7,185,1431950 8,510,0001960 8,889,0001970 8,668,000* note decrease1980 9,833,0001991 9,862,5401996 9,934,1002006 10,642,8362010 10,710,000 (estimated) -
5 hard
hard [hɑ:d]dur ⇒ 1 (a)-(c), 2 (a) difficile ⇒ 1 (b) froid ⇒ 1 (c) rude ⇒ 1 (c) concret ⇒ 1 (d) fort ⇒ 2 (a) difficilement ⇒ 2 (b) durement ⇒ 2 (c)(a) (not soft → substance, light, colour) dur;∎ to get or to become hard durcir;∎ rock hard, (as) hard as rock dur comme la pierre;∎ his muscles are rock hard or (as) hard as rock ses muscles sont durs comme le fer, il a des muscles d'acier;∎ she is (as) hard as nails (emotionally) elle est dure, elle n'a pas de cœur; (physically) c'est une dure à cuire(b) (difficult → question, problem etc) difficile, dur;∎ the laws make it hard to leave the country à cause des lois, il est difficile de quitter le pays;∎ to have a hard fight or struggle on one's hands avoir une lourde tâche devant soi;∎ it's hard to explain c'est difficile ou dur à expliquer;∎ I find it hard to understand/believe that... je n'arrive pas à comprendre pourquoi/croire que...;∎ it's hard to say c'est difficile à dire;∎ he's hard to get on with il n'est pas facile à vivre;∎ she is hard to please (never satisfied) elle est difficile; (difficult to buy gifts for etc) c'est difficile de lui faire plaisir;∎ it's hard to beat on trouve difficilement mieux;∎ it's hard to beat a good Bordeaux il n'y a rien de meilleur qu'un bon bordeaux;∎ the hardest part of the job is done le plus dur est fait;∎ life is hard c'est dur, la vie;∎ times are hard les temps sont durs ou difficiles;∎ these are hard times for all of us c'est une période difficile pour tout le monde;∎ to fall on hard times (financially) connaître des temps difficiles ou une période de vaches maigres; (have difficult times) connaître des temps difficiles, en voir de dures;∎ to give sb a hard time en faire voir de dures à qn;∎ the boss has just been giving me a hard time le patron vient de me faire passer un mauvais quart d'heure;∎ come on, don't give me a hard time! allez, laisse-moi tranquille!;∎ you'll have a hard time (of it) persuading him to do that tu vas avoir du mal à le convaincre de faire cela;∎ she had a hard time of it after her mother's death elle a traversé une période difficile après la mort de sa mère;∎ she had a hard time of it when she was a child la vie n'était pas drôle pour elle quand elle était enfant;∎ she had a hard time of it (in childbirth, operation) elle a souffert;∎ to learn sth the hard way (involving personal loss, suffering etc) apprendre qch à ses dépens; (in a difficult way) faire le rude apprentissage de qch;∎ I learnt the hard way not to be underinsured j'ai appris à mes dépens qu'il ne faut pas être sous-assuré;∎ I learnt skiing the hard way j'ai appris à skier à la dure;∎ I learnt my seamanship the hard way j'ai fait le rude apprentissage du métier de marin;∎ some people always have to do things the hard way il y a des gens qui choisissent toujours la difficulté;∎ to play hard to get (flirt) jouer les insaisissables;∎ humorous their financial expert is playing hard to get leur expert financier semble jouer à cache-cache;∎ the hard of hearing les malentendants mpl;∎ to be hard of hearing être dur d'oreille;∎ a glass of wine, or would you prefer a drop of the hard stuff? un verre de vin, ou bien préféreriez-vous une goutte de quelque chose de plus fort?;∎ keep off the hard stuff évitez les boissons fortes(c) (severe → voice, face, eyes) dur, froid; (→ climate, winter) rigoureux, rude; (→ frost) fort, rude;∎ to be hard on sb être dur avec qn;∎ children are hard on their shoes les enfants font subir de mauvais traitements à leurs chaussures;∎ it's hard on the nerves c'est dur pour les nerfs;∎ it was hard on the others ça a été dur pour les autres;∎ it's hardest on the children le plus dur, c'est pour les enfants;∎ to be a hard taskmaster être dur à la tâche;∎ to take a long hard look at sth examiner qch de près;∎ you should take a long hard look at yourself tu devrais bien te regarder;∎ it's a hard blow for him c'est un coup terrible pour lui;∎ no hard feelings? tu ne m'en veux pas?;∎ familiar hard luck!, British hard cheese!, hard lines! pas de chance!□, pas de veine!, pas de bol!;∎ it will be hard luck if he doesn't get the job ça ne sera pas de veine ou de bol s'il n'obtient pas le travail;∎ don't give me any of your hard luck stories ne me raconte pas tes malheurs;∎ he gave me some hard luck story about having lost his investments il a essayé de m'apitoyer en me racontant qu'il avait perdu l'argent qu'il avait investi;∎ familiar a hard nut or man un dur∎ the hard fact is that there isn't enough money la vérité, c'est qu'il n'y a pas assez d'argent;∎ the argument was not backed up by any hard fact l'argument ne s'appuyait sur rien de concret∎ it's been a long hard day la journée a été longue;∎ it's hard work c'est dur;∎ it was hard work to convince him j'ai eu fort à faire pour le convaincre;∎ she's hard work (difficult to get on with) elle n'est pas facile à vivre; (difficult to make conversation with) elle n'est pas causante;∎ she's not afraid of hard work le travail ne lui fait pas peur;∎ the climb was hard going la montée était rude;∎ it's hard going making conversation with him c'est difficile de discuter avec lui∎ she's a hard worker c'est un bourreau de travail;∎ he's a hard drinker c'est un gros buveur, il boit beaucoup;∎ he's a hard charger c'est un fonceur;∎ give it a good hard shove pousse-le un bon coup, pousse-le fort2 adverb(a) (strenuously → pull, push, hit, breathe) fort; (→ work) dur; (→ run) à toutes jambes; (→ listen) attentivement;∎ to work hard at sth beaucoup travailler qch;∎ to work hard at improving one's service/French beaucoup travailler pour améliorer son service/français;∎ to work sb hard faire travailler qn dur;∎ he works hard and plays hard il se dépense beaucoup dans son travail et dans ses loisirs;∎ you'll have to try harder il faudra que tu fasses plus d'efforts;∎ to try hard to do sth essayer de son mieux de faire qch;∎ try hard! fais de ton mieux!;∎ to think hard beaucoup réfléchir;∎ think hard! réfléchis bien!;∎ think harder! réfléchis un peu plus!;∎ we can't find it - well, look harder! nous ne le trouvons pas - et bien cherchez mieux!;∎ you didn't look very hard! tu n'as pas bien cherché;∎ to look hard at sb regarder qn bien en face;∎ to look hard at sth examiner qch;∎ as hard as possible, as hard as one can (work, try) le plus qu'on peut; (push, hit, squeeze) de toutes ses forces;∎ Nautical hard astern! arrière, toute!;∎ Cars she hauled the wheel hard over elle a braqué à fond;∎ Cars to turn hard to the left braquer à gauche, faire un virage très sec vers la gauche;∎ to swim hard for the shore nager de toutes ses forces vers le rivage;(b) (with difficulty) difficilement;∎ to be hard put or pushed or pressed to do sth avoir du mal à faire qch;∎ you'll be hard put to find a shop open at this time tu vas avoir du mal à trouver une boutique ouverte à cette heure-ci;∎ old habits die hard les vieilles habitudes ont la vie dure(c) (harshly, severely → treat someone) durement, sévèrement; (→ rain) à verse; (→ freeze, snow) fort;∎ he's feeling hard done by il a l'impression d'avoir été injustement traité;∎ to be hard hit by sth être durement touché par qch;∎ she took the news/his death pretty hard la nouvelle/sa mort l'a beaucoup éprouvée;∎ old-fashioned it'll go hard with him if he keeps telling lies ça va aller mal pour lui s'il continue à raconter des mensonges∎ the ground was frozen hard le gel avait complètement durci la terre;∎ to set hard (concrete, mortar) prendre∎ to follow hard on the heels of sb être sur les talons de qn;∎ to follow or to come hard on the heels of sth suivre qch de très près∎ hard up (short of money) fauché, à sec;∎ to be hard up for ideas manquer d'idées□, être à court d'idées□ ;∎ to be hard up for volunteers manquer de volontaires□ ;∎ figurative you must be hard up if you're going out with him! il faut vraiment que tu n'aies rien à te mettre sous la dent pour sortir avec lui!3 noun∎ to try one's hardest faire de son mieuxold-fashioned tout près de►► Typography & Computing hard carriage return retour m chariot obligatoire;hard cash (argent m) liquide m;American hard cider cidre m;hard coal anthracite m;Finance hard commodities minerais mpl;Linguistics hard consonant consonne f dure;Computing hard copy copie f sur papier, sortie f papier;hard core (nucleus) noyau m dur; Building industry empierrement m; Music hard rock m inv, hard m inv; (pornography) porno m hard;British Sport hard court (for tennis) court m en ciment;hard currency monnaie f ou devise f forte;∎ a hard currency shop un magasin où on paye en devises;Computing hard disk disque m dur;Computing hard disk drive, hard drive unité f de disque dur;hard drug drogue f dure;Horseriding hard gallop galop m soutenu;hard hat (of construction worker) casque m; American familiar (construction worker) ouvrier(ère) m,f du bâtiment;hard hat area = zone où le port du casque est obligatoire;∎ hard hat area (sign) port du casque obligatoire;Typography & Computing hard hyphen césure f imposée, trait m d'union imposé;hard labour (UNCOUNT) travaux mpl forcés;hard landing (by spacecraft) atterrissage m avec impact; figurative (during economic crisis) atterrissage m brutal;Metallurgy hard lead plomb m aigre;Politics the hard left l'extrême gauche;hard line ligne f de conduite dure;∎ to take a hard line on sb/sth adopter une ligne de conduite dure avec qn/sur qch;hard liquor spiritueux mpl;Finance hard loan prêt m aux conditions du marché;Press hard news nouvelles fpl sûres ou vérifiées;Veterinary medicine hard pad coussinet m dur;Typography & Computing hard page break fin f de page obligatoire;Anatomy hard palate voûte f du palais, palais m dur;hard porn porno m hard, hard m inv;Computing hard reset réinitialisation f totale de la machine;Typography & Computing hard return saut m de ligne manuel;Politics the hard right l'extrême droit;Music hard rock hard rock m inv, hard m inv; esp American Cookery hard sauce = sauce au beurre, au sucre et au brandy ou au rhum servie avec le pudding;hard science science f dure;hard sell vente f agressive;∎ to give sth the hard sell promouvoir qch de façon agressive;∎ the salesman gave us the hard sell le vendeur a essayé de nous forcer la main;hard sell approach, hard sell tactics méthode f de vente agressive;Cars hard shoulder bande f d'arrêt d'urgence;hard space espace m insécable;hard water eau f calcaire ou dure -
6 budget authority
1) гос. фин. бюджетные полномочия (полномочия на принятие решения о выделении средств либо на участие в процессе составления и утверждения плана расходов)The DCI has sufficient budget authorities to assure the preparation and execution of an effective national intelligence program. — Директор Центрального разведывательного управления (Director of Central Intelligence) обладает достаточными бюджетными полномочиями, чтобы обеспечивать разработку и реализацию эффективной национальной разведывательной программы.
See:appropriation, contract authority, borrowing authority, budget resolution, negative budget authority2) гос. фин. бюджетные власти* (лица или руководящие органы (как на государственном, так и на уровне компании), уполномоченные на принятие решений по структуре бюджета и направлениям расходования средств)In fact, we have already been told by budget authorities to prepare for a no-growth budget once again. — На деле бюджетные власти уже велели нам подготовиться к еще одному бюджету с нулевым приростом.
Syn:See: -
7 bring
bring [brɪŋ](preterite, past participle brought) transitive verba. [+ person, animal, vehicle, peace] amener ; [+ object, news, information] apporter• to bring sb up/down faire monter/faire descendre qn (avec soi)• to bring sth up/down monter/descendre qchb. ( = cause) [+ problems] créer• to bring sth (up)on o.s. s'attirer qch• to bring sth to a close or an end mettre fin à qch• to bring sth into question ( = throw doubt on) remettre qch en questionc. ► to bring o.s. to do sth• can I bring a friend along? est-ce que je peux amener un ami ?► bring back separable transitive verbb. ( = call to mind) rappelera. [+ plane] faire atterrir ; ( = shoot down) [+ animal, bird, plane] abattreb. [+ dictator, government] faire tomber ; [+ temperature, prices, cost of living] faire baisserb. ( = advance time of) avancera. [+ person] faire entrer ; [+ object, harvest] rentrerb. [+ custom, legislation] introduire ; [+ expert, army] faire appel àc. [+ income] rapporterd. to bring in a verdict [jury] rendre un verdict[+ plan, deal] mener à bien( = cause) [+ illness, quarrel] provoquerb. [+ book] faire paraître ; [+ new product] lancerb. [+ unconscious person] ranimerc. ( = convert) gagner (to à)a. ( = put in touch) [+ people] mettre en contactb. ( = end quarrel between) réconcilierc. [+ facts, documents] rassemblera. [+ person] faire monter ; [+ object] monterb. [+ child] élever• well/badly brought-up child enfant m bien/mal élevéc. ( = vomit) vomird. [+ fact, allegation, problem] mentionner ; [+ question] soulever* * *[brɪŋ] 1.(prét, pp brought) transitive verb1) (convey, carry) apporterto bring somebody wealth/fame — rendre quelqu'un riche/célèbre
to bring something to — ( contribute) apporter quelque chose à [school, work, area]
to bring something into — faire entrer quelque chose dans [room]; introduire quelque chose dans [conversation]
to bring shame/disgrace on somebody — attirer la honte/le déshonneur sur quelqu'un
to bring something on ou upon oneself — attirer quelque chose
2) ( come with) amener [friend, relative, dog]3) (lead, draw)to bring somebody/a dog into the country — faire entrer or introduire quelqu'un/un chien dans le pays
to bring somebody home — ( transport home) raccompagner quelqu'un, ramener quelqu'un; ( to meet family) amener quelqu'un à la maison
4) Television, Radio5) Law, Administration2.I couldn't bring myself to get up/to tell him — je n'ai pas pu me lever/le lui dire
Phrasal Verbs:- bring in- bring on- bring up -
8 reason
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